Agriculture remains the largest single contributor to the livelihoods of the 75% of the world’s poor who live in rural areas. Encouraging agricultural growth is therefore an important aspect of agricultural policy in the developing world. In addition, a recent Natural Resource Perspective paper by the Overseas Development Institute found that good infrastructure, education and effective information services in rural areas were necessary to improve the chances of making agriculture work for the poor. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization defines food security as existing when “all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. The four qualifications that must be met for a food secure system include physical availability, economic and physical access, appropriate utilization, and stability of the prior three elements over time. An agricultural subsidy is a governmental subsidy paid to farmers and agribusinesses to manage the agricultural industry as one part of the various methods a government uses in a mixed economy. This book makes an attempt to present the available information on the modern concepts of agricultural research and advanced principles in crop production easily understandable manner. This book will serve as text book for students of Agronomy, agro meteorology agriculture engineering, economics veterinary social science a reference for research scientists and teachers in the areas of crop production integrated farming systems, production technology management under different situations changing climate and food and nutrition security under Indian economy.