The regions with the biggest GCSE inequalities - and what data shows us about gap between boys and girls

As over one million students receive their GCSE results, Sky News has found gender and factors linked to deprivation remain troubling predictors of students' performance.

Overall GCSE grades are relatively consistent with last year's results, indicating stability has returned following the end of pandemic grading. The compulsory courses, Level 2 English and Mathematics, continue to be a hurdle for many GCSE students - with Thursday's results showing the highest failure rates for the two subjects in a decade.

Yet, while overall grades are stable, so too are key attainment gaps that experts say point to deprivation. Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson denounced attainment gaps for white working-class children in an article for The Telegraph.

"It's appalling, and I won't stand by and watch those numbers continue to grow," Ms Phillipson wrote. "It's not just the life chances of those children that are being damaged - it's also the health of our society as a whole." While the data does not share deprivation status or ethnicity of students, other strongly correlated factors such as English region and school type show stark inequalities.

Some 48.1% of GCSE exams sat at fee-paying schools in England received grades of 7 or above, compared with 18.2% at non-selective state schools. Fiona Spellman, CEO of education charity SHINE, said, "The primary difference that drives the attainment gap between those who attend independent schools and those who don't really comes from the circumstances in those children's lives." Regional inequalities across England also remain significant.

In London, 28.4% of GCSE exams were awarded a grade 7 or higher compared with just 17.8% of exams in the North East of England. But even students in London were outperformed by Northern Ireland, where 31.6% of GCSE students received a 7 or above.

"Deprivation is a major driver of the gap we see between the different regions and in terms of the attainment children achieve in all phases of education," said Ms Spellman. This year's cohort had both a disrupted primary and secondary school experience due to the pandemic - a factor that may be influencing some of these inequality gaps.

"We know that the pandemic affected all children, but we know that it didn't affect all children equally," added Ms Spellman. "The legacy of COVID is still very much still alive today and how that had a disproportionate effect on the children who most need support is still working its way through." Gender gap stubbornly persistent One of the clearest divides in the results - and not mentioned by the education secretary - is gaps based on gender.

Girls continue to receive a greater proportion of the top grades compared with boys. Among students receiving a 7/A or above, 55.8% were girls while 44.2% were boys.

In England, the gap is wider when looking just at 16-year-old students taking 7 or more GCSEs. 60.7% of those in this cohort receiving top grades were girls while 39.3% were boys.

But, Jill Duffy, the chair of one of the main qualifications body, the OCR, pointed out the overall gender gap this year is the narrowest since 2000. However, Claire Thomson and Cath Jadhav, both board members of the Joint Council for Qualifications alongside Ms Duffy, cautioned that the decrease in the gender gap was too small to confirm any concrete trend.

"The change is relatively small, at fractions of percentage points, so there will be lots of individual factors which affect that," said Ms Jadhav. Certain subjects showed large gender imbalances between boys and girls.

Girls were the most overrepresented in home economics, followed by performing/expressive arts, health & social care, hospitality, and social science subjects. In contrast, boys were disproportionately more likely to take other technology, construction, engineering, computing, and economics.

Working-class boys facing hurdles So, is Ms Phillipson right to highlight white working-class children as falling behind? And should we be more concerned about white working-class boys in particular? While the data does not include sufficient detail on how these inequalities stack on each other, data published by the Department for Education (DfE) based on last year's results suggest white working-class boys are among the most disadvantaged in education. Among all children eligible for free school meals, White British boys were much less likely to receive a grade of 4 - a pass - or above on their GCSEs.

Black Caribbean and mixed white/black Caribbean boys on free school meals had similarly poor pass rates. "It's not all boys.

And it's not all white working-class boys," said David Spendlove, professor at the University of Manchester's Institute for Education. But, "boys top all of those key indicators: likely to be diagnosed with special needs, likely to be excluded from school." "The system is stacked against them and at every single hurdle they are going to face challenges which mount increasingly over time," said Prof Spendlove.

Beyond A-levels What's next for students receiving results on Thursday? According to DfE's 2024 numbers, just over 40% of 16-year-olds started an A-level course the following year. More than 20% started other Level 3 qualifications, such as T-levels or BTECs.

Around 3.5% started apprenticeships. However, 6.2% were classified as not in education, employment, or training ("NEET").

Simon Ashworth, deputy CEO and head of policy for the Association of Employment and Learning Providers (AELP), said, "The number of young people who are not in education, employment or training has got worse, not better." "We're nearly to a million young people who are NEET," he said. "That is a worry." Boys between the ages of 16 and 18 are more likely than their female counterparts to have NEET status, DfE data reveals.

Furthermore, individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds "tend to be the young people who will be closest to the job market or the risk of becoming NEET once they leave education," shared Mr Ashworth. Mr Ashworth also added that some young people who pursue apprenticeships fail to complete them because they struggle to pass mandatory Level 2 Mathematics.

Students who receive lower-than-desired results on Thursday, however, should stay optimistic that many doors remain open to them. This year saw a 12.1% rise in students 17 or older resitting exams this year.

SHINE's Dr Helen Rafferty said that the resit rate is likely due to the pandemic as "many students have come to the end of their secondary school journey having had the most chaotic and disrupted educational journey that you can imagine." Nonetheless, Ms Rafferty said, "I do think it's encouraging that so many students are choosing to move on to an educational pathway which still provides them with that opportunity to get their English and maths results.".