Europe tried to starve Putin's war machine with sanctions - but something else has happened

Why is Donald Trump threatening to impose sanctions, or tariffs, or maybe both, on India in relation to the Ukraine war? The short answer is that India has established itself as one of the single most important customers for one of the single most important products made in Russia: crude oil.

You only have to glance at the data on Russian fossil fuel exports to see what I mean. Nor is it just India.

China has raised its imports of Russian fossil fuels by 44% since the imposition of sanctions. Back before the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, by far and away the biggest recipient of Russian energy exports was Europe.

Then Europe imposed sanctions on various different Russian products, most notably oil. The idea was to starve Vladimir Putin of the revenues he is using to fund the Russian war machine.

Instead, something else happened: those Russian tankers which previously delivered oil to Europe instead started sending it to Indian oil refineries. The Middle Eastern oil tankers that had previously served those Russian refineries began sending their oil to Europe.

Nothing, fundamentally, really changed. And while Europeans are no longer taking direct shipments of Russian oil, they are taking plenty of shipments of oil products - from diesel and petrol to kerosene - made from Russian oil in Indian refineries.

In the face of this, Europe and its G7 allies have subsequently begun to try to prevent those tankers from taking Russian oil at all. A price cap was imposed on legitimate shipping companies, limiting the amount of revenue Russia could derive from its exports.

That, in turn, created another step-shift: Russia began to build up its own "shadow fleet" of tankers which it used to carry on sending oil to India and China. And so, in the latest episode of sanctions "whack-a-mole.